Benefits of Integrated Business Planning †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Benefits of Integrated Business Planning. Answer: Presentation Enterprise is urgent for beginning another undertaking in the market. Today, business people are concentrating on beginning the business at the worldwide level for getting increasingly more benefit. Business people create and produce new thoughts for the undertaking at worldwide level. There is notable that the possibility of business is the beginning of the business systems. Another business thought is useful the business visionaries to find different possibilities and capacity to fire up the new pursuit gainfully (Dudin, 2015). In this way, this report centers around the new business thought for the new pursuit in the market. The report is centered around the new undertaking of a caf alongside the successful plan of action. New business fire up depends on the plan of action canvas which is exceptionally viable for the accomplishment of undertaking. Essentially, this report is tied in with running another and innovative coffeehouse and addresses the issues and prerequisites of the c lients in the Australian market. Goal of this report is to comprehend the job of plan of action canvas dependent on the examination of market data and basic perspectives (Toor Dhir, 2011). This report depicts another undertaking for example a caf. Name of this caf would be Culture Coffee Bar. There are numerous coffeehouses in Australia however the current bistros just satisfy the essential need of the clients for example interest for the espresso and different beverages. At the end of the day, shoppers for the most part go to the cafés as they don't have the opportunity to get ready espresso. In numerous shops, there are no experts for holding the purchasers. Their arrangements of decisions are basic including major food things, for example, pressed beverages and rewards and frosted espresso. Some bistros attempt to improve the viable picture by offering some extra types of assistance, for example, unrecorded music and games however they are insufficient to improve the picture and to hold the clients. Along these lines, by investigating the huge interest of the clients in the market, Culture Coffee would spend immense measure of capital in making positive picture of the caf. For this way, organization would concentrate on making loosening up environment for the clients alongside the center results of food, drinks and different administrations. In view of the estimation of time in the current time, the caf would offer the administration of free conveyance of the items with the goal that the purchasers can appreciate the items in office timings too. By this administration, caf would have the option to expand its capacity to differentiate itself among the clients in the espresso advertise. Like other coffeehouses in Australia, principle income for Culture Coffee shop would originate from the beverages and espresso for addressing the requirements of the clients. Alongside this, caf will offer a wide range of drinks to the clients. In this way, cost of the items would be set as the elevated level valuing yet moderate for the clients in the business. Aside from the beverages and espresso, the clients will likewise get assortment of items for example snacks, food, cakes and unrecorded music evenings in caf. Plan of action In view of the plan of action canvas hypothesis, this model will be applied in the new undertaking alongside its nine structure square structure. This model would adequately ready to accomplish the objectives and targets of the organization. The applied plan of action in the Culture Coffee bar will be the introduction of the administrations of the organization. The plan of action will give the understandings of who organization serves, what exercises it is doing, from where it will get its providers and how to limit the expense to create more benefit in the business (Osterwalder Pigneur, 2010). In this way, for the caf Culture Coffee Bar, the plan of action canvas is portrayed beneath. First and significant piece of the plan of action canvas is distinguishing key accomplices for the caf. Culture bistro will consistently concentrate on the sanitation to accomplish manageable advancement in the market. For this way, organization would make solid accomplices. Organization would make accomplices to the main espresso brand in Australia to get new and sound items. To plan the furnishings, a furniture organization would be second accomplice (Filet, 2013). There would three significant exercises of the caf for making development and progress in the market. Those key exercises are advertising, selling and supporting. In the advertising exercises, there would be beverages and food arrangements, conveyance of food and cleaning and finishing caf. Selling movement would incorporate preparing, deals call and notices on different stages for example magazines, papers, and Facebook. Bolster movement would incorporate employing individuals for the managerial work and re-appropriating brands and artists for caf. For making huge development and progress, there are two most basic assets for example incentive and exercises which including admirably talented representatives and inside plan of the caf. The workers and staff of the caf will be prepared in the in the capable way so they can serve the clients in the better way. They will wear proficient garbs and have the information on unknown dialects. Further, organization will likewise put resources into the furnishings and inside plan of the caf to develop an Australia style coffeehouse for the diversion and satisfaction. This would make a positive picture of caf among the psyche of customers (Gavrrilova, 2014). Incentive From the point of view of the likely clients, caf will give such air that will be appreciated by the clients. Clients could appreciate assortment of drinks for example drinks, quick nourishments and cakes served by the prepared workers and staff in the caf. Caf will give such air which would cause the clients to unwind after chaotic calendar of work or study. Further, Caf will give different calm spaces where representatives can make their gatherings and arrangements. Alongside this, caf would likewise lead some unrecorded music evenings to create more exercises for the expected clients. By every one of these exercises, clients will have new involvement in the loosening up place (Sinfield, Calder, McConnell Colson, 2011). It is notable that viable relationship with the clients is significant for the achievement of the business. As far as the significance of the relationship with the clients, Culture espresso caf will intend to give coupons and VIP cards to the clients so they would get for their faithfulness towards the items (Mason, 2015). The VIP cards with the extraordinary offers will be dispersed to the faithful clients who might come in any event once in the week. Further, less standard customers will likewise get 10 to 25% off coupons and limits. It is accepted that this technique would be useful in keeping up client dependability and improve the visit office (Teece, 2010). As far as conveyance of items, there would be two different ways to utilize the results of caf for example available and conveyance of items. Caf will recommend the clients to visit on the store and request their items. This would create open door for the caf and representatives to give better quality experience to the clients. Further, in the event that the clients are occupied and interest for their ideal items, at that point free conveyance administration or conveyance with the additional charges would be given to ship the items to the clients hand. The hour of the administrations can be abbreviated however much as could be expected to give ensured quality items (Burns, 2014). The possible clients for the caf will be distinguished dependent on the age and calling. As far as the time of expected clients, the caf would serve the clients from 15 years of age upwards. Further, as far as calling, the purchasers are separated from the understudies, representatives, businesspeople and entertainers. The explanation is that the understudies invested bunches of energy sticking around in the coffeehouses after their schools and universities. Further, workers and representatives have high and center salary and they are exceptionally requesting for the cafés where they can settle down, make their exercises and appreciate the beverages. Situated in Australia, the caf would be arranged towards offering types of assistance to the craftsmen who make high pay and need quality items (Fifield, 2012). It ought to be noticed that the objective clients have various styles and propensities. It is seen that in the age of 15 to 22, there are understudies of secondary schools, universities and colleges. In spite of the fact that these individuals are not winning cash yet they get cash from their folks so these buyers have popularity of espresso after their school and universities. The clients will be drawn nearer by the web and web-based social networking stages. Other objective clients are the representatives and specialists who are working all day to make their cash. These clients are eager to pay for their ideal item. These clients will be pulled in by the TV advertisement, web and magazines. Further, there are specialists who will be pulled in by the organization. Commercials in papers and magazines will be useful and successful to move toward those clients (Armstrong Cunningham, 2012). Cost structure The expense of the lease would be liable for the critical piece of the working expense of the organization. Alongside this, there are other working expenses including crude material, staff, redistributing and advertising of the items. These expenses would be assessed in the monetary piece of the caf. Key income stream of this new pursuit would be produced by the acquisition of the clients for example refreshments and assortments of espresso, for example, Espresso, Flat White, Macchiato, Americano, and Cappuccino which are the center results of caf. Alongside this, caf will likewise gather the measure of income by the occasion of unrecorded music on consistently. Further, there will be extra administrations for example delegating or meeting territory which would be for nothing out of pocket. It is normal that the clients fragments for example youngsters having age of 15 to 22 and working individuals having the

Zoot Suit Movie Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Zoot Suit Movie Critique - Essay Example Henry Reyna being the pioneer of an American-Mexicans bunch is sent to jail with no significant proof over the passing of a man in Sleepy Lagoon, Jose Williams. Legal counselor George Shearer and Editor Alice start to battle for the discharge and the privileges of the supposed killers. Henry and his companions along these lines get a treacherous and out of line treatment from the court framework as they are condemned to a period in jail, despite the fact that evidential proclamations show that William was slaughtered by the Downey group. Zoot Suit is for the most part dependent on true occasions that encompassed the Hispanic pack individuals for the killings in Los Angeles in the year 1942 and the exhibitions that followed directly after their capture. Henry Reyna and his companions, a 38th road posse part went to have a fabulous time, and in the process slammed into its opponent group, the Downey. Rudy, Henry’s sibling incited a disturbance and a battle initiated between the two gatherings. Henry, later on, his way home confounded a disturbance, brought about by the Downey pack to a gathering at Williams the Ranch. After somewhere in the range of hardly any days, Henry and his companions are captured and unreasonably condemned over the homicide of William. Zoot Suit fuses show to underscore on some particular topics that are right now relative. The dramatization does an investigation of family connections and the weight of a child’s development in racially separating situations. The social topics portr ayed in the play incorporate lamentable outcomes from pack savagery, shameful acts, racial segregation and persecution.

Free Essays on Seperation Of Church And State

Government funded schools exist to teach, not to advance religion. Youngsters are an engaged crowd. Making supplication an official piece of the school day isn't right and obtrusive. What five-year-old could see petitions discussed as a component of class normal as intentional? Religion is private, and schools are open, so it is fitting that the two ought not blend. To present religion in our government funded schools constructs dividers between youngsters who might not have known about strict contrasts previously. Our government funded schools are for all kids, regardless of whether Catholic, Baptist, Quaker, Atheist, Buddhist, Jewish, or Agnostic. The schools are upheld by all citizens, and along these lines ought to be liberated from strict observances and persecution. It is the holy obligation of guardians and holy places to ingrain strict convictions, liberated from government transcription. Organizing petitions in state funded schools assumes control over the privileges of guardians. Individuals for school supplication botch government separation toward religion as absence of compassion. The record shows that strict convictions have prospered in this nation, not despite, but since of the established partition of chapel and state (Dye). At the point when religion attacks our state funded educational system, it can single out the solitary Jewish understudy, the class Unitarian, or the separated Agnostic, the kids in the minority. Families who dissent state/church infringement in our government funded schools perpetually experience mistreatment. It was normal before the court ruling against school supplication to put non-strict or non-conventional youngsters in spots of confinement during book of scriptures perusing or petition recitation (Dye). The offspring of Supreme Court offended parties against religion in schools, for example, Vashti McCollum, Ed Schempp and Ishmael Jaffree, were thumped headed to and from school, their families exposed to network provocation and passing dangers for standing up with regards to an established rule (Dye). We know from history how unsafe and damaging religio... Free Essays on Seperation Of Church And State Free Essays on Seperation Of Church And State State funded schools exist to teach, not to advance religion. Youngsters are an engaged crowd. Making petition an official piece of the school day isn't right and intrusive. What five-year-old could see petitions presented as a major aspect of class normal as deliberate? Religion is private, and schools are open, so it is fitting that the two ought not blend. To present religion in our state funded schools constructs dividers between youngsters who might not have known about strict contrasts previously. Our state funded schools are for all kids, regardless of whether Catholic, Baptist, Quaker, Atheist, Buddhist, Jewish, or Agnostic. The schools are upheld by all citizens, and in this manner ought to be liberated from strict observances and abuse. It is the consecrated obligation of guardians and houses of worship to ingrain strict convictions, liberated from government correspondence. Systematizing supplications in state funded schools assumes control over the privileges of guardians. Individuals for school petition botch government separation toward religion as absence of compassion. The record shows that strict convictions have thrived in this nation, not regardless of, but since of the protected partition of chapel and state (Dye). At the point when religion attacks our state funded educational system, it can single out the solitary Jewish understudy, the class Unitarian, or the detached Agnostic, the youngsters in the minority. Families who dissent state/church infringement in our government funded schools constantly experience mistreatment. It was normal preceding the court ruling against school supplication to put non-strict or non-standard youngsters in spots of confinement during book of scriptures perusing or petition recitation (Dye). The offspring of Supreme Court offended parties against religion in schools, for example, Vashti McCollum, Ed Schempp and Ishmael Jaffree, were thrashed headed to and from school, their families exposed to network badgering and passing dangers for standing up with regards to an established standard (Dye). We know from history how unsafe and damaging religio...

Ethics In Public Budgeting Accounting Assignment Paper - 550 Words

Ethics In Public Budgeting Accounting Assignment Paper (Essay Sample) Content: ETHICS IN PUBLIC BUDGETINGNameInstitutionDateEthics in Public BudgetingIn various organizations, financingfor carrying out the functions is sometimes acquired through funding. There are ethical considerations involved,however, in the utilization of funds, mainly focusing on appropriately designating the acquired money. To illustrate the ethical issues surrounding funding, the Shermans article Education charity to pay millions for misusing fundsis analyzed. First, a brief summary is provided, followed by the detailed examination of the ethical issue raised, and the effects of this issue on the future budgeting requests by the organization.SummarySherman (2013) gives the account of the New York State receives a settlement of $7.7 million fromthe Pearson Charitable Foundation (PCF). According to the law, a non-profit organization should not misuse charitable assets in order to benefit their affiliated for-profit corporations (Sherman, 2013).The authorexplains that PCF, a non-profit organization,used funds in a manner that gave financial advantage to the Pearson Inc. (PSO) an affiliated for-profit organization and thus broke the law.Specifically, according to the article, PCF is an education charity whichaims to provide free learning opportunities for people. However, the charity developededucational materials,which would be in demand almost everywhere in the U.S., for commercial sell through PSO. (Sherman, 2013).Furthermore, some of theconferencesorganized by PCF for educational purposes were attended only by PSO personnel and no other for-profit organizations. Thus, as Sherman (2013) indicates, the information acquired through these conferences was directed towards thefinancial gain of PSO.Ethical issue related to misuse of fundingAccording to Alexander (1999), the misuse of funding involves usingfundsbeyondthe intended purpose of the organization (p. 550). Thus, the main ethical issue in this case is the utilization of the charity funds for activ ities, specifically the development of educational materials and the organization of conferences (Sherman, 2013),with the aim of financially benefiting an associated corporation.The PCF, by giving advantages to PSO instead of following its charitable educational purposes, has misused its funding.To emphasize, the affiliation between the PCF and PSO should not influence the financial decisions of the former. As Smith (2003)indicates, oversight of ethics officials is justifiable and necessary to ensure the legitimate appropriation of funding (p. 633). Consequently, the investigation by the State of New York revealed misuse of funding and highlighted the need for such oversight.How misuse of funding may impact future budget funding requestsIn order to solicit funds, an organization should have quite a good reputation. The reputation depends on the ability of the organization to fulfill its intended purposes successfully. Further, as Alexander (1999) states, in the budgetary process, th e issue of trust is one of the most important concerns (p. 555). For a non-profit organization, such as PCF, maintaining a good reputation is essential as all of ...

Christianity The New Testament - 1866 Words

Christianity Christianity begins during the New Testament Gospels. God shows the love for mankind with Jesus’ unjustified crucifixion. A disagreement between Peter and Paul about the future to who should they preach the gospel, Peter’s commitment to preach only to Jews. Paul’s mission was to convert the Gentiles to the new Jewish religion which through consequences becomes Christianity. The Christian view of history centers in the reliability of the Bible (Noebel). â€Å"As it is now, so it was in the beginning that Christianity has many different facets and traditions almost to the point that no one could argue quite convincingly that Christianity is well-nigh impossible to define with clarity† (Hudson 97). Christianity is a†¦show more content†¦Behold, a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us (King James, Matt. 1:23). â€Å"But what about you?† He asked. â€Å"Who do you say I am?† Simon Peter answered, â€Å"You are the Messiah, the Son of the living God† (King James, Matt. 16:15-16). The most complete and direct confirmation of the divinity of Christ is in Matthew when Jesus calls upon his disciples and asked them who is He and the reply from Simon Peter is pointed and direct You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.† (King James, Matt. 16:16) No other confirmation is needed. Now to the purpose of his coming. The teachings of Jesus have been more influential than any other part of his life. Jesus taught about love for your neighbor, for your enemy and God through sermons and parables. A little girl was invited for dinner at the home of her first-grade friend. The vegetable was buttered broccoli and the mother asked if she liked it. â€Å"Oh, yes,† the child replied politely, â€Å"I love it! †But when the bowl of broccoli was passed, she declined to take any. The hostess said, â€Å"I thought you said you loved broccoli.† The girl replied sweetly, â€Å"Oh, yes ma’am, I do, but not enough to eat it† (Cole)! Our first impression of the little girl is how cute. As she loves the broccoli, do we look at it in the same way

Understanding Piaget Theory And Information Processing Theory

The study of Cognitive theories has many different aspects that have been debated many years ago. Developmental psychologists try to explain cognitive development approaches which describe the process of human s thought. One of the developmental psychologist who studied on the area of cognitive was Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget a Swiss psychologist was the first developmental researcher who has extensive research on cognitive development. In addition, the revolution of Jean Piaget’s cognitive theory has changed the development psychology forever. In fact, although this theory is one of the most influential theories that have had a major impact on child’s cognitive development, many developmental psychologist has been criticized it as well(Miller,2007). Therefore, the limitations of this theory made the developmental psychologists thinking of information processing theory might complete Piaget’s Theory(Miller,2007). Information processing theory is another theory that was engaged in the era of cognitive development. It is possible to better understand Piaget theory and Information Processing theory by comparing several important aspects of developmental psychology: nature of humans, quantitative or qualitative, and nature or nurture. Piaget Cognitive Theory To begin with, Piaget’s cognitive theory has four stages. According to Miller,2011 she states that Piaget described each stage and referred them to the ability of human understanding. First stage is the sensorimotor stageShow MoreRelated Developmental Psychology Theoretical Approaches Essay761 Words   |  4 Pages Overview Four theoretical approaches to cognitive development Piaget’s theory Information processing theories Core knowledge theories Sociocultural theories (Vygotsky) General Themes Nature and nurture Continuity vs. discontinuity Active vs passive child Nurture (environment, learning) John Locke (1632-1704) –Infant’s mind as â€Å"tabula rasa† Behaviorism (e.g. Watson, Skinner) Nurture (environment, learning) A childs mind is a blankRead MoreTheories of Cognitive Development: an Insight to the Theories of Piaget, Information-Processing and Vygotsky1464 Words   |  6 PagesTheories of Cognitive Development: An insight to the theories of Piaget, Information-processing and Vygotsky How do we learn? How do we grow? Over the years, psychologists have studied to great lengths the processes that humans go through as they progress from infancy to adulthood. Several theories have emerged over time with three prominent ones. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky produced two important and distinct theories. Another important theory, the information-processing theory, presentsRead MoreThree Theories of Cognitive Development1674 Words   |  7 PagesThree Theories of Cognitive Development The Swiss psychologist and philosopher Jean Piaget (1896-1980) is well-known for his work towards the cognitive sciences. Arguably one of his most important contributions involves his theory of cognitive development. In this theory, thinking progresses through four distinct stages between infancy and adulthood. Similar in scope to Piaget’s theory is Information Processing, in which human thinking is based on both mental hardware and mental software (KailRead MoreEssay Kermit and Cognition1476 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity Online Abstract Cognitive Information Processing (CIP), Cognitive Development and Interactional Development are theories of learning based upon the idea that learning is an internal process rather than merely something that can be observed like behaviorism. Here I examine the three theories as they relate to a scenario of a young man attempting to learn to play a keyboard. The objective is to show the similarities and differences in the three theories and how each can be applied to a givenRead MoreA Study on Cognitive Psychology650 Words   |  3 Pagesattention, perception, intelligence, problem-solving, decision-making, judgment, and language acquisition (Cherry, 2011). Among these several topics, the emphasis of cognitive psychology is human acquisition and processing of information, and the human minds ability to store and apply of information (Cherry, 2011). Cognitive psychology as a discipline arose in the period of time between 1950 and 1970 more or less as a result of scientific dissatisf action with behavioral psychology as a complete disciplineRead MoreEssay about Human Child Growth and Development693 Words   |  3 PagesOther theories and concerns include intelligence as a process (operations involved with thinking), and intelligence as information processing (how we manipulate information). While many psychologists have taken on the contemporary scientific consensus where no extreme view is currently justified, there are those whom believe different. Hereditarians use methods such as the IQ test to ask how much. Environmentalists on the other hand believe that ones mental abilities are learned. John Piaget theorizedRead More Cognitive Theories of Human Development Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesCognitive Theories of Human Development Jean Piaget, known as the most important theorist; started the most comprehensive theory of intellectual development. Piaget was born in 1896, in Neuchatel Switzerland, and lived a full and significant life, he passed away at age 84. His father was a medieval historian, and his mother was a homemaker; she was highly emotional and her behavior disrupted the normalcy of their home. Piaget married Valentine Chatenay, and they soon welcomed three girls;Read MoreJean Piaget s Theories Of Cognitive Development1360 Words   |  6 Pages Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist. He worked in the fields of Developmental Psychology and Epistemology. He’s known for his works and theories in the field of child development. His theories of cognitive development and epistemological views are called, â€Å"genetic epistemology†. Piaget placed the education of children as most important. His works and theories still play a huge role and influence the study of child psychology today. Jean Piaget was born on August 9, 1896 in Neuchatel, SwitzerlandRead MoreTheoretical Perspectives Curriculum931 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Learning theories are used to develop curriculums that explain learning models used in education. These models help simplify education from the earliest stages of childhood through formal education. This paper will explore the learning theories and how they can be applied in developing a curriculum for learning and teaching language. The curriculum will include the epistemology, motivation, and methods of learning Cognitive Jean Piaget and John Dewey helped develop the theory of CognitiveRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Knowing921 Words   |  4 PagesJean Piaget was a developmental psychologist and philosopher from Switzerland. He is known for his epistemological studies with children. He was the first to make a systematic study of cognitive development. Piaget was also the Director of the International Bureau of Education. He was â€Å"the great pioneer of the constructivist theory of knowing.† He was known as the second best psychologist after Skinner by the end of the 20th century. Throughout his career, Jean Piaget declared that â€Å"only education

Homework free essay sample

Which Students have an ID number that is less than 50000? b. What is the name of the faculty member whose ID is 4756? c. What is the smallest section number used in the first semester of 2008? d. How many Students are enrolled in Section 2714 in the first semester 2008? e. Which faculty members have qualified to teach a course since 1993? List the faculty ID, course, and date of qualification. f. Which Students are enrolled in Database and Networking? (Hint: Use the SectionID for each class so you can determine the answer from the IS_REGISTERED table by itself.) g. Which instructors cannot teach both Syst Analysis and Syst Design? h. What are the courses included in the Section table? List each course only once. i. List all Students in alphabetical order by StudentName. j. List the Student who are enrolled in each course in Semester I, 2008. Group the Students by the sections in which they are enrolled. 69. With each PSHY instruction, the stack pointer register, SP, is _______________ (incremented, decremented) by _______. 70. With each PULY instruction, the SP is _______________ (incremented, decremented) by _______.

Macbeth And Blood Theme Essays - Characters In Macbeth,

Macbeth And Blood Theme One of the themes in the tragedy of Macbeth is that of blood. Macbeth is known for his skills as a warrior and his mercilessness that is shown in his killing of MacDonwald. This warrior mentality quickly spreads into his life, and he begins to make killing a habit. When he is told in a prophecy that he shall be king, Macbeth takes it upon himself to murder Duncan, king of Scotland. After this murder he begins to see visions of blood on his hands, blood nothing could remove. As Macbeth becomes more ambitious, he also begins to kill more people to get the power that he wants. The theme of blood is shown throughout the play, and is a problem that Macbeth finds harder and harder to rid himself of after each killing. At the beginning of the play Macbeth is an esteemed member of the army, probably the greatest fighter in all of Scotland. He gets word that a rebellious tribe led by MacDonwald is defeating the Scots. He"single-handedly" defeats the rebels and "unseamed him (MacDonwald) from the nave to th' chops." With this Macbeth earns great respect among his peers, and even the king. On his way home from war three witches tell him his future. "All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis! All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor! All Hail, Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter!" Macbeth was already thane of Glamis, and wondered why they would say that he would be Thane of Cawdor or even king, so he blew it off as tomfoolery, and impossible. However, he was later told by the king that because of his valiant fighting against MacDonwald that he was to be given the title of the Thane of Cawdor. All this makes him think again of the witches prophecies, and he wonders if indeed he could be king. The desire for power began to consume Macbeth and his wife, and this ambition caused all of the bloody events that were to follow. Macbeth began to want the kingship that Duncan had more and more. Together Macbeth and his wife Lady Macbeth plotted to hurry Macbeth's reign, by killing Duncan themselves. At night Macbeth gains access to Duncan's sleeping quarters, kills the guards, and stabs King Duncan to death. After the murder, Macbeth is clearly shaken, and can hardly believe what he has done. He says. "What hands are here? Ha! They pluck out mine eyes! Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood clean from my hand? No; this mine will rather the multitudinous seas incarnadine making the green one red." Macbeth thinks that nothing will wash his hands clean, they will turn the ocean red. Lady Macbeth tells him that he is worrying too much, and that he should wash his hands and go to bed. Macbeth takes his guilty conscience with him to bed and wishes that he had not done what he had done. The blood on his hands is symbolic of the guilt that he feels. Although at times Macbeth feels guilty for his actions, that guilt is not a deterrent, it just made him feel as though he could get away with anything. However, he soon became very paranoid. He begins to worry about Banquo and Fleance possibly taking over the throne, so he plots to kill them. He succeeds in killing his friend Banquo, but Fleance escapes. Then at a banquet to honor Banquo, Macbeth again sees visions, this time they are visions of a bloody ghost of Banquo. Again revealing his guilt. He says to the ghost, " Avaunt and quit my sight! Let the earth hide thee! Thy bones are marrowless, thy blood is cold. Paranoia sets in again, and Macbeth plans yet another murder. This time aimed toward Macduff, but Macduff fled to Scotland to get Malcom's help. They both return to confront Macbeth, but, now Macbeth is left to defend his castle by himself. Macbeth kills Malcom and tells Macduff that his blood cannot be shed by anyone that was born of a woman. Macduff accepts the challenge and slays Macbeth, for he was untimely ripped from the womb. Macbeth's ambition causes him to do many things that he would have not otherwise done; a fault that many of us have, he just took it to the extreme. The blood that stained Macbeth reminded him of all the wrongdoing he had done. The blood represented the errors in his ways. Blood represents life, and

Free Essays on Football

Ethics and morality are synonymous terms, both meaning customs in their original languages, Greek and Latin respectively. However, the Greek term â€Å"ethics† also implies character as opposed to its Latin counterpart referring to social customs. Ethike is descended from ethikos which, in turn from ethos which means character or nature. Ethos is the fundamental and distinctive characteristic of a group within its social context or period of time, typically expressed in its attitudes, habits or beliefs. Thus the ethical nature of the gods can be explored in two ways, from an Ancient Greek perspective, and from a modern perspective. However, this exploration from two perspectives violates the term ethical as it should be â€Å"a universal system of moral principles and values â€Å" applicable through actions perpetrated by humans. However, absolute standards are unobtainable and conditional upon the society and time in which they are conceived. Another definition suggests that to be ethical is â€Å"to conform to accepted standards consistent with the agreed principles of correct moral conduct†. Conversely, until Aristotle, there were no â€Å"agreed principles for moral conduct† thus the term ethical cannot be used within the context of Homers society. We can, however examine the role the gods have to play in the Iliad and examine the relationship between the immortal and mortal to ascertain an â€Å"ethical† framework of the poem. Where does our ethical view come from? If it is within us, as part of our â€Å"soul† our precondition of being human then it should be universal regardless of the elapsing centuries and societies, especially if a belief in an ultimate creator is entertained. Indeed, if we believe that this creator is eternal and that he/she bestows our souls, then the idea of eternal souls immediately becomes more viable as they are made of the essence of this creator. By soul I mean the spiritual awareness, the essence of an ... Free Essays on Football Free Essays on Football Ethics and morality are synonymous terms, both meaning customs in their original languages, Greek and Latin respectively. However, the Greek term â€Å"ethics† also implies character as opposed to its Latin counterpart referring to social customs. Ethike is descended from ethikos which, in turn from ethos which means character or nature. Ethos is the fundamental and distinctive characteristic of a group within its social context or period of time, typically expressed in its attitudes, habits or beliefs. Thus the ethical nature of the gods can be explored in two ways, from an Ancient Greek perspective, and from a modern perspective. However, this exploration from two perspectives violates the term ethical as it should be â€Å"a universal system of moral principles and values â€Å" applicable through actions perpetrated by humans. However, absolute standards are unobtainable and conditional upon the society and time in which they are conceived. Another definition suggests that to be ethical is â€Å"to conform to accepted standards consistent with the agreed principles of correct moral conduct†. Conversely, until Aristotle, there were no â€Å"agreed principles for moral conduct† thus the term ethical cannot be used within the context of Homers society. We can, however examine the role the gods have to play in the Iliad and examine the relationship between the immortal and mortal to ascertain an â€Å"ethical† framework of the poem. Where does our ethical view come from? If it is within us, as part of our â€Å"soul† our precondition of being human then it should be universal regardless of the elapsing centuries and societies, especially if a belief in an ultimate creator is entertained. Indeed, if we believe that this creator is eternal and that he/she bestows our souls, then the idea of eternal souls immediately becomes more viable as they are made of the essence of this creator. By soul I mean the spiritual awareness, the essence of an ...

The Importance of Public Speaking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Importance of Public Speaking - Essay Example The orators could entertain their listeners in a number of ways such as taking the help of humor, speaking in a sincere manner, using visual aids to add appeal to their speech, adding (or removing) emotions out of their voice and timing the speech in an effective manner. The rate of speech delivery (that is words per minute) should be deliberated so that every person could clearly hear all your words. The speaker should pay attention to his pitch and inflection and work over voice modulation so as to demand highest attention from the audience. Incorporation of vocal variety in speeches is effective mannerism of grabbing audience attention. Pauses also have great significance in speeches and you should know how to successfully use them. While giving us breathing space, pauses also help reinforce the subject matter with the audience- letting them absorb and deliberate over matters of consequence. So, the speaker should use the pause with care drawing out maximum advantage out of it. The voice volume should also be controlled so that everyone in the room hears your voice while you are not sounding loud in their ears. Articulation must be practiced so that every word is spoken with clarity. The words must also be pronounced correctly in the standard order of language. Facial expressions assist in speech delivery. However, you need to choose beforehand which facial expression would suit your speech and practice on it. Finally, the speaker should practice before hand his speech delivery method so that when the day of Speech is an art form that gets better with practice so the speakers should practice the art of speech giving in private as well as in public to master it and become effective public speakers. In the course of speech giving the delivery should be adjusted as and when required so that the message is conveyed to the audience in a clear manner. And lastly, try to make eye contact with your audience

Business Law Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Law Organisations - Essay Example Since â€Å"unfairly prejudicial† is not defined by the Act, this means that there are broad reasons why a minority shareholder may bring a cause of action against a corporation, which effectively negates the constraints established by Foss. This paper will examine Foss, will examine derivative actions, and will examine the Companies Act (2006), concluding that, while Section 260 of the Act does not provide shareholders with any more protection than what was had under Foss, section 994 does provide this protection. Foss v. Harbottle Even though shareholders are effective in holding directors accountable, the UK courts have a common law rule, delineated in Foss v. Harbottle (1840) 67 ER 189. In this case, two minority shareholders accused the defendants, who were the directors of a company called â€Å"Victoria Park Company,† of misapplying land, wasting land and obtaining improper mortgages, without the permission of the shareholders. The court in the Foss case dismisse d the shareholders case, stating that only the company itself has a right to sue the directors. The reasoning for this might be best stated by the court in a subsequent case, Edwards v. Halliwell [1950] 2 All ER 1064. The judge in this case states that the sound reason why minority shareholders cannot bring an action against directors is that, if there is only a minority bringing the case, it would mean that the majority of the company is in favor of what was done. Ramsay & Saunders (2006) state that there are two prongs to the Foss case – one, it established the â€Å"proper plaintiff† who is the company itself; two, it established the principle that directors should be independent and not subject to shareholder meddling into business affairs (Ramsay & Saunders, 2006). There are exceptions to the Foss rule. One is that the company did an illegal or ultra vires act. A shareholder can bring an action on this basis, because the majority cannot ratify an illegal or ultra vires act (Wedderburn, 1957; Cockburn v. Newbridge Sanitary Steam Laundry Co. [1915] 1 IR 237). Another exception is that, if the company takes an action which, in the company’s constitution, requires a â€Å"special majority† to take this action, then a minority shareholder may sue if the company takes this action in contravention to its own constitution (Black, 1983; Edwards v Halliwell [1950] 2 All ER 1064). Berkahn (1998) states that another exception is that a shareholder’s â€Å"personal rights† have somehow been infringed by the corporation, therefore that shareholder has a right to sue for his personal rights infringement (Berkahn, 1998; Pender v Lushington (1877) 6 Ch D 70). Another exception is the â€Å"fraud on the minority† exception, which means that the wrong-doers actions amounts to fraud (Lo, 2004; Atwool v Merryweather (1867) LR 5 EQ 464n). Buckley (1976) states that this last action is the only derivative action of the exceptions , as the first three exceptions involve personal actions. Therefore, according to Maloney (1986), this action is the only true exception to Foss (Maloney, 1986). Statutory Actions Although Foss limited the actions that minority shareholders can take, statutory actions have restored many of the rights of the minority. One is that the Companies Act (2006) has given shareholder permission to bring

The Simulation Project Essay Example for Free

The Simulation Project Essay Multinational corporations face many challenges in their domestic and global environments. According to Ajami, Cool, Goddard, and Khambata â€Å"a multinational firm is one in which a certain percentage of the earnings, assets, sales, or personnell of a firm come from or are deployed in foreign locations† (Ajami, Cool, Goddard, Khambata, 2006, p. 6). According to this definition US Airways Group would be classified as a mulitnational firm. On Fortune 500’s Worst List, US Airways Group is identified as a least admired company on all eight attributes identified by the research and surveys performed by Hay Group (Best worst in, 2006). As the name implies US Airways Group operates in the Airline industry. This paper will discuss how government regulations, hard and soft technologies, some political-legal barriers, sociocultural factors and two economic theories that are faced by US Airways Group are affected by their domestic and global environments. It will also offer a strategy for US Airways Group to countinue its growth and success as an industry leader. As indicated from its name the domestic environment of this company is the United States and the global environment that will be used is Costa Rica. In the US the airline industry has two main agencies that write regulations that it has to obey. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) (Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, 2012). Although the airline industry was de-regulated in 1978 the DOT â€Å"retains the authority to alter or amend any airline’s certificate or to revoke such certificate for intentional failure to comply with the terms and conditions of the certificate† (10-K, 2012). The FAA is responsible for writing the regulations that relate to aircraft maintenance and operations, certification of pilots and flight crewmembers and air traffic and general operating rules (Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, 2012). Another other agency that establishes guidelines that the airline industry has to abide by is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA is responsible for â€Å"regulating operations, including air carrier operations, which affect the quality of air in the United States† (10-K, 2012). US Airways Group has to follow all the established regulations created by the FAA, DOT and EPA if it wants to remain in business in the United States. They have to keep up-to-date with the maintenance requirements and keep accurate records as established by the FAA and continue to have their aircraft inspected at regular intervals as prescribed by the FAA (Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, 2012). They must ensure they follow EPA guidelines regarding air quality, while continuing to meet the DOT requirements for operating at efficiency or risk having their certificates revoked to do business as well. In Costa Rica, the government is based on Roman law, which is very different from the US legal system (Doing Business in Costa Rica: 2012 Country Commercial Guide for U.S. Companies, 2012). The ways the laws are written is how they are applied and there is little to no room left for interpretation by anyone regarding the laws. Therefore the way that the government regulations that US Airways Group must follow are written are the way that they must be followed. The government has established travel guidelines that must be followed there, the most important being that: currently you are not permitted to enter Costa Rica unless you have a roundtrip ticket (Costa Rica, 2012). The easiest way for US Airways to avoid an issue regarding this regulation is to ensure that all travelers going to Costa Rica have a roundtrip ticket when they board the plane in their departure city, along with valid identification. â€Å"Hard technology includes the physical hardware, capital goods, blueprints and specifications, and knowledge necessary to use the hardware, while soft technology encompasses the management, marketing, financial organization, and administrative techniques that can be combined with the hard technology to serve the needs of the use† (Ajami, Cool, Goddard, Khambata, 2006, p. 358). Based on this definition some of US Airways hard technologies would be their aircraft (planes), hubs (airport locations) and even their flight crews. The planes that are currently in the fleet are manufactured by Boeing, Airbus and Embraer (US Airways Fleet, 2013) and some are equipped  with the â€Å"ACSS’s XS-950â„ ¢ Mode S Transponder† which allows for the transmission of information regarding the planes â€Å"position, speed and intent† (Press Releases, 2012). They have hubs in the four US cities and have established a partnership with Star Alliance (US Airways A Star Alliance Member, 2013), which gives them access to a hub at London’s Heathrow Airport as well. The flight crew has the knowledge to operate the aircraft as well operate the terminals efficiently within the hubs. It is the flight crew’s responsibility to ensure that the passengers are on board the plane on time and that the plane departs the gate on time. The soft technologies currently employed by US Airways includes their Nuance interactive voice response (IVR) system, which was one of their new marketing tools to help reduce customer frustrations (Interactive Case Study: US Airways, 2013), audits of customers’ airport experiences (Sunnucks, 2010), and training on the other new systems that have been implemented to help with customer satisfaction. Just as flight crews can be classified as hard technology the management staff of US Airways can be classified as soft technology because it is their responsibility to make sure that the customers are kept happy and that they use their administrative talents to keep the employees satisfied as well. If US Airways continues to educate, value and respect it employees, while using new technology to keep up-to-date with the rest of the industry and survey its customers for satisfaction their success will continue to improve. One of the political-legal barriers that US Airways Group will face in the US and Costa Rica the differences in the legal system as identified earlier. In the US the laws are interpreted and judges look at past cases to help decide how to rule on a current case, in Costa Rica judges look at the law the way it is written and make their rulings based on the way the law is written. If US Airways is not careful and does not fully understand the laws and how they are written in Costa Rica this could be detrimental to their operations there. In the US they not only have to comply with federal laws but state laws as well that have been established. Although both governments are classified as republics, the US has what the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) refers to as a federal republic and Costa Rica has a democratic republic (The World Fact Book, 2012). In Costa Rica they promote a political environment based on inclusion. One of their political parties is Partido Accesibilidad Sin Exclusià ³n (PASE) which translated into English is Accessibility without Exclusion Party (Obando, 2013); however the US is not necessarily an inclusion-based society. The US does have laws regarding accessibility for individuals with disabilities and they are taken very seriously, Costa Rica is not as readily as accessible as one would think they would be based on their inclusion-based political system. For US Airways to continue to be successful in the US and Costa Rica concerning the political-legal environments within those countries they should remember the â€Å"history of close and friendly relations based on respect for democratic government, human freedoms, free trade, and other shared values† (World-Country Profiles; US Department of State Background Note, 2007), this falls in line with the concept of the classical theory of trade (Ajami, Cool, Goddard, Khambata, 2006, p. 48). Geert Hofstede developed his theory of the five dimensions of culture, based on information provided to him by IBM regarding employee values in their survey of more than 70 countries between 1967 and 1973 (National cultural dimensions, 2013). â€Å"The five dimensions of culture as theorized by Hofstede are: social orientation, power orientation, uncertainty orientation, goal orientation and time orientation† (Ajami, Cool, Goddard, Khambata, 2006, p. 213). The five dimensions are broken down into simple terms as: social orientation – reflects a person’s beliefs about the importance of the individual over the group for which they belong; power orientation – deals with how one views authority and power differences in a hierarchy; uncertantiy oreintation – refers to how one feels regarding change; goal orientation – deals with how one is motivated towards achieving goals and the fifth and final dimension time oreintation – refers to the how individuals in a culture adopt an outlook of long or short term regarding life, work and other issues (Ajami, Cool, Goddard, Khambata, 2006, p. 213-214). In regards to the sociocultural aspects related to these dimensions of culture as id entified by Hofstede there are many that are different as well as some that are similar for these two countries. One of the biggest differences between the two countries is their attidudes towards time. People in the US are all about time and money whereas people in Costa Rica want to take their time and really understand what is happening. The attitudes towards work and lesiure follow suit with the attitudes towards time. Many in the US do not  take vacation time off because things need to get done, whereas Costa Ricans are more concerend with spending time with their families and socializing with friends (Provasi, 2012). The attitudes regarding change, material things, and jobs are also at opposite ends of the spectrum. These things are important to most Americans and they look at these things as a way to build themselves up. Costa Rican’s on the other hand look at these things and will be just as comfortable with keeping things just they way they are. Aspects that are similar in the two countries are literacy rate and education mix. Both coutries hold these items in high regard and try to come up with ways to encourage the young people to stay in school and continue with their education and pursue higher education as well. Another item that is similar is their â€Å"open door† policy in the work place , managers are accessible at all levels and this makes it very familiar. The two economic theories that will be compared and contrasted are Walt Whitman Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth and John Kenneth Galbraith Equilibrium of Poverty for the domestic and gloabal economic environments identified above for US Airways Group. The US has a mixed economic environment and is classified as a first world country. The reason the US does not fit into one specific economic environment is it has characteristics of capitalism in which the relationship of supply and demand dictates price and it also has elements of a free-market economy in which the government establishes laws and policies to ensure public safety and welfare (Ajami, Cool, Goddard, Khambata, 2006, p. 59). Costa Rica has a social market economy (Rojas, 2006) and is classified as a thrid world country (Rosenberger, 2012). A social market economy is similar to a free-maket economy in that â€Å"it upholds free market components such as private property and ownership of businesses and industry, free price formation, market competition and free trade, while also utilizing government regulation to create fair market competition by preventing market monopolies, ensuring ongoing economic development and poverty alleviation† (Social Market Economy, 20 13). Based on the definitions provided it can be said the both economies are similar in regards to government regulations being involved in creating a fair and safe market environment. Walt Whitman Rostow identified five economic stages of growth in which a country could fall: traditional society, transitional stage, takeoff, drive to maturity and the age of mass consumption (Ford,  2004). Each stage represents a stepping stone to for the next stage. According to Rostow the US surpassed the age of mass consumption in the late 1950’s (Ferraro, 1960), Costa Rica however is still in the takeoff stage. This stage is â€Å"marked by major transformations that stimulate the economy† (Ajami, Cool, Goddard, Khambata, 2006, p. 55). For US Airways Group, in Costa Rica this is identified by their growth in the technological area (more flights operated) as well as more jobs being created due to the increase in flights. Although in the US this stage has been surpassed, US Airways contiunes to â€Å"grow† in this aspect because they are increasing flight schedules. Galbraith’s view of economics is similar to that of Rostow, in that economic growth is as much a change in social, intellectual and policatical as well as physical (material) change (Watson, 2011). According to both of their economist views the US operates as a capitalistic economy. This is tr ue of US Airways in the way that they have been able to turn-around their business since 2005. They actually took into consideration things that would make the consumers happy, not necessarily increasing their capacity (i.e. putting more seats on a plane), in doing so they were able to keep up with the consumer’s wants and still provide the service that was needed (Smith, 2012). This falls into Galbraith’s view that â€Å"the major affirmative purpose of the firm is corporate growth† (John Kenneth Galbraiths Contributions to Economics, 2013). This view is similar to Rostow’s age of mass consumption in that both concentrate on the high standards of living (i.e. comfort in travel on the plane) that have been established as a result of the efforts set forth is their respective stages. Where the two differ dramatically is that Galbraith believes that the companies direct the consumers wants by advertising that makes the consumers desire certain products or services, and that therefore the economy is more driven by the seller and not the consumer (John Kenneth Galbraiths Contributions to Economics, 2013). In this instance though, that concept contradicts his idea of ‘the major affaimative purpose of the firm is corporate growth’ in the example provided regarding US Airways above. In successfully industrializing a poor economy such as Costa Rica’s, Galbraith’s Equilibrium of Poverty offers the idea of the reliable infrastructure system (Ajami, Cool, Goddard, Khambata, 2006, p. 57). This idea simply means that the country would need to have a â€Å"relieable  system of roads, ports, electrical power supplies and communications† (Ajami, Cool, Goddard, Khambata, 2006, p. 57). In this case US Airways already has access to these items at the airport and therefore is well on its way to helping the economy grow and prosper. While both Rostow and Galbraith believe that governement need to be invovled in the initial stages to help third world countries establish themselves and help to protect their citizens they also understand that there will be a time when the government will need to step back and let the companies in the different industries takeover and control their own destinies so to speak. Rostow does not mention how or when he thinks this should be done, however Galbraith says that he feels that governments should impose â€Å"taxes on consumer goods and services, using the proceeds to increase the availability of public sector goods and services† (John Kenneth Galbraiths Contributions to Economics, 2013). In doing this, he is trying to show that eventually there has to be a point where control is given to the companies and they only need to answer to the governments when required or necessary. US Airways Group has made significant improvements in seven of the eight-attribute areas identified On Fortune 500’s Worst List 2006. On the 2011 list they still have a ranking on the worst product quality attribute of number 11, which is down from 10. US Airways Group needs to figure out ways to improve the quality of their service as well as their products. Although they may not have much control over the service aspect because the flight schedule cab be delayed because of an airline from another company they can control they products. They can invest in newer planes, upgrade/update their current planes and even update their hubs in the airports that they currently operate in. Other ways for the company to continue to grow and succeed in the domestic and global environments are they must continue to improve their offerings. They are off to a great start by taking surveys and asking customers what is important to them. They need to go a step further and ask the employees what is important to them, what will keep them loyal to US Airways Group. Take what they learn from the employees and the implement changes that are suggested. Continue to ask the customers what they like, do not like, what other features they would like to see in the airports, on the planes and in the air. I think one thing that the company should do is take a lesson from Southwest and stop charging baggage fees for the first checked bag. They should eliminate  change fees, and if someone needs to cancel their trip completely, implement a cancell ation fee, but refund the difference between the ticket price and the cancellation fee. By eliminating their fees they will draw more passengers to the airline and increase sales, because people will not feel as if they are being taken advantage of. In today’s economy this will go far with consumers and could lead to even bigger profits in the end, because they will feel that US Airways Group is a company that is not just looking out for themselves but for their customers as well. As demonstrated there are several different environments that a multinational corporation must take into consideration when exploring new opportunities. The government regulations, hard and soft technologies, political-legal barriers, sociocultural factors and economic theories that a company faces and how they handle each of those environments will determine if they will succeed or fail. Walt Whitman Rostow and John Kenneth Galbraith’s economic theories can be used by companies to help determine if the global environment that is being considered will be a good fit with the domestic environment of the parent company. Once the location has been setup and establishe the company must realize that the work does not stop there, they must always analyze and remember they want to continue to grow so they need to ask the question what do we do to contiune to prosper or what do we do to make it so we do prosper. Bibliography 10-K, A. H. (2012, May 19, Retreived December 16, 2012). Government Regulations and Airline Industry Taxation. Retrieved from Wikinvest: http://www.wikinvest.com/stock/AirTran_Holdings_(AAI)/Government_Regulations_Airline_Industry_Taxation Ajami, R. A., Cool, K., Goddard, G. J., Khambata, D. (2006). International Business: Theory and Practice. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. Best worst in (2006). Retrieved from CNN Money: http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/mostadmired/2006/best_worst/ Costa Rica. (2012, December 30). Retrieved from cr2net.com: http://www.cr2net.com/costarica/coming_and_going.htm Doing Business in Costa Rica: 2012 Country Commercial Guide for U.S. Companies. (2012, December 30). Retrieved from The Department of Commerce: http://www.buyusainfo.net/docs/x_1853591.pdf Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. (2012, December 13, Retreived December 16, 2012). Retrieved

Essay --

Citizens of the United States are traditionally given unlimited freedom of speech, press, and assembly. These American privileges allow interest groups to express their perspectives by using the media and other sources that are accessible to the public. In definition, an interest group is a group of individuals who organize to influence the government’s programs and policies. The main goal of these groups is to have the government both listen and respond to their interests (Shin 243). Historically interest groups have and continue to play a crucial role in American politics; especially since it is an effective form for citizens to interfere with government decision making. Two current interest groups in the United States are the National Hispanic Leadership Agenda and the National Council of La Raza. These particular interest groups demonstrate how interest groups directly and indirectly influence public opinion and the political process. Interest groups representation is based on attitude and not the United States population geography. I chose to investigate national immigration interest groups that focus on Hispanic individuals that are living in the United States. According to the National Hispanic Leadership Agenda (NHLA) website, it was established in 1991 as an unbiased association of major Hispanic national organizations that distinguishes Hispanic Leaders all over the nation. Their mission is to unite Latinos around the country and encourage the Hispanic community to become more involved with our country’s affairs. Hispanic leaders of NHLA raise public awareness of major issues affecting the Latino community and the nation as a whole (â€Å"NHLA†). In other words this group centralizes its ideas around Hispanic civil rights a... ...as run on money and unfortunately the less money an interest group has then the less likely it will be addressed to either the public or the government. But since both NHLA and NCLR have multiple members and offices then they get their voices herd. In conclusion, the missions of these two groups clearly want to see the government taking action when it comes to their concerns and they know that by informing the public could possibly help gain more supporters for their issues; more supporters means more successful outcomes for the NHLA and NCLR. I decided to research the National Hispanic Leadership Agenda and the National Council of La Raza because I was interested in learning about interest groups that could possibly influence me and people of my race or ethnicity. I am not part of an interest group but this research has influenced me to want to participate in one.

Narrative techniques of Charles Dickens in Oliver Twist and David Copperfield Essay

â€Å"Whatever I have tried to do in life, I have tried with all my heart to do it well; whatever I have devoted myself to, I have devoted myself completely; in great aims and in small I have always thoroughly been in earnest.† Charles Dickens. Charles Dickens is considered as one of the greatest writers of all times. His fluid language, the wise mind, the great writing technique, the sharp eye, made his works survive for more than 150 years. He is the author of more than twenty novels. All of them very appreciated from- book lovers- since the time they were written until nowadays and, with great chance that they will be read and appreciated in the centuries that will come. The purpose of this diploma thesis is the comparison of narrative techniques of â€Å"Oliver Twist† and â€Å"David Copperfield†. â€Å"Oliver Twist† belongs to the first years of Dickens’s literary works.1 It was very successful since its first edition but, the critics don’t list it as one of the most valuable works of Dickens.2 â€Å"David Copperfield† comes after twelve years of â€Å"Oliver Twist† and it is considered as one of the most achieved works of Charles Dickens. Dickens himself considers David as â€Å"his favorite child†.3 Speaking from the perspective of the narration, as the study will demonstrate, these two novels belong to different forms of narration. â€Å"Oliver Twist† is narrated by third person narrator. In construction is considered simpler than â€Å"David Copperfield†. The narrator of â€Å"David Copperfield† is David himself meaning that the story is told by the main hero. This typ e of narration is a first person narration. However I will discuss about this in more details during the thesis. 2. Biography of Charles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English novelist, generally considered the greatest of the Victorian period. Dickens enjoyed a wider popularity and fame than had any previous author during his lifetime, and he remains popular, having been responsible for some of English literature’s most iconic novels and characters4. He was born at Landport in Portsea on Friday, the seventh of February, 1812.5 Charles was the son of John, a clerk in the navy-pay office and Lady Elizabeth Barrow. From the early years of his childhood, he hade to face the life of hardships and difficulties due to his father’s failure in maintaining the family. At the age of twelve he had to quit school because his family was being held into debtor’s prison. When he was fifteen he became a clerk in a law firm and later worked as a newspaper reporter. He published his first fiction in 1836 – a series of character sketches called Sketches by Boz. The work was well-received, but its reception was nothing compared to the international acclaim he received with the publication of The Pickwick Papers in the following year. 6 After this early blush of success, Dickens took on the job as editor of Bentley’s Miscellany, a literary magazine in which a number of his early works were serialized, including Oliver Twist (1837-9) and Nicholas Nickleby (1838-9). He left to begin his own literary magazine, Master Humphrey’s Clock, in 1840, and over the next ten years published many of his most famous novels in serial form, including The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1), A Christmas Carol (1844), and David Copperfield (1849-50), perhaps the most autobiographical of all his novels. He made his first visit of USA in 1842. He had taken trips in other places like France, Italy and Switzerland but always returning to his home. His journeys abroad influenced him a lot in his work. Other works were serialized in Household Words between 1850 and 1859, which was then succeeded by All the Year Round, which he edited until his death in 1870, publishing such novels as A Tale of Two Cities (1859), Great Expectations (1860-1), and Our Mutual Friend (1864-5). A workaholic to the end, Dickens died of a stroke in 1870 after having penned a chapter of The Mystery of Edwin Drood, his final (and unfinished) novel, the previous day.7 Although Dickens is distingu ished for his great capability in writing fiction, in his bibliography are included also various poems. Some of them are8: A Child’s hymn, A fine Old English Gentelman, Lucy’s Song, The Ivy Green, Little Nell’s Funeral etc. Dickens has produced a great treasure for the British literature. His novels have challenged the time and today are still present to impress every book lover. 3. Oliver Twist 3.1. Plot 1 of the novel â€Å"Oliver Twist† is the second book of Charles Dickens. As in many of his novels, the author here also displays the difficulties of young children in the English society of XIX century. The story is about an orphan who has to live a life of hardships since the day he was born. When he is at the age of nine he works at a workhouse but after his promiscuous begging â€Å"Please sir, I want some more!† he is taken out the workhouse. After the work house he was hired to an undertaker but from the ill treatment that he undergoes there he is forced to escape. The poor child goes to London with the hope that things will get better in his life but there too he encounters many difficulties and meets people who want to take advantage of his innocence. However, the luck hasn’t completely abandoned him since he meets some good hearted people who take care of him and help him discover the mystery of his birth and find out who were his parents All the adventures of the book end happily. The bad guys pay their dues and the good ones find the tranquility and happiness. This is a very brief recount of the plot since the analysis will be focused in the narration and narrators point of view. 3.2. Narrative form From the first paragraph of the novel the reader can notice that the narrator speaks in third person: â€Å"Although I am not disposed to maintain that the being born in a workhouse, is in itself the most fortunate and enviable circumstance that can possibly befall a human being, I do mean to say that in this particular instance, it was the best thing for Oliver Twist that could by possibility have occurred. The fact is, that there was considerable difficulty in inducing Oliver to take upon himself the office of respiration,–a troublesome practice, but one which custom has rendered necessary to our easy existence; and for some time he lay gasping on a little flock mattress, rather unequally poised between this world and the  next: the balance being decidedly in favour of the latter.† (O.T.; Pg.4; Ch.I )9. A third person narration means that the story is recounted from someone outside the book, meaning that he/she is not a character in the book but, is able to â€Å"observe† the story from distance. To confirm this I will show some passages which the narrator uses to tell that he is the teller of the story: â€Å"That Oliver Twist was moved to resignation by the example of these good people, I cannot, although I am his biographer, undertake to affirm with any degree of confidence; but I can most distinctly say, that for many months he continued meekly to submit to the domination and ill-treatment of Noah Claypole.† (O.T.; Pg.37; Ch. VI)10 3.3. The influence of narrator in reader’s image Although the narrator is objective in most of his narration, when describing some characters he sides a little to influence the readers image about that character. When describing Noah Calypole his tone takes features of disgust and dislike. The narrator did this because his intention was to influence the reader’s opinion about the character: â€Å"With this, Mr. Claypole administered a kick to Oliver, and entered the shop with a dignified air, which did him great credit. It is difficult for a large-headed, small-eyed youth, of lumbering make and heavy countenance, to look dignified under any circumstances; but it is more especially so, when superadded to these personal attractions are a red nose and yellow smalls.† (O.T.; Pg. 29; Ch.V).11 This happens also when the reader is introduced with Fagin, Bill Sikes and all other evil characters. When the reader first meets Fagin besides the repulsive description of the character also the place where he lives appears as dirty and gloomy: â€Å"Oliver, groping his way with one hand, and having the other firmly grasped by his companion, ascended with much difficulty the dark and broken st airs: which his conductor mounted with an ease and expedition that showed he was well acquainted with them. He threw open the door of a back-room, and drew Oliver in after him. The walls and ceiling of the room were perfectly black with age and dirt. There was a deal table before the  fire: upon which were a candle, stuck in a ginger-beer bottle, two or three pewter pots, a loaf and butter, and a plate.†12 Influencing the readers image is a trick from narrators part that he also uses in order to make ground for the image the reader is about to create for a positive character.: When the narrator describes Mr. Bronlown he makes a very pleasant description of him. â€Å"The old gentleman was a very respectable-looking personage, with a powdered head and gold spectacles. He was dressed in a bottle-green coat with a black velvet collar; wore white trousers; and carried a smart bamboo cane under his arm.† (O.T. ;Pg.61;Ch.X).13 At some characters the narrator is a bit satirical. For example when he describes Mr. Bumble he is trying to make him look ridiculous in the reader’s eyes: â€Å"Now, Mr. Bumble was a fat man, and a choleric; so, instead of responding to this openhearted salutation in a kindred spirit, he gave the little wicket a tremendous shake, and then bestowed upon it a kick which could have emanated from no leg but a beadle’s.† ( O.T.; Pg.8; Ch.2).14 When the narrator refers to Billie Sikes, he in the beginning refers to him as â€Å"the man†. After Billie commits the burglary it is revealed what he does and after this the narrator refers to him as â€Å"the thief†. At the end when he murders Nancy the narrator addresses to him as â€Å"the murderer†. The narrator labels this character with the crimes that he makes. This seems to happen because the story teller wants to inform the reader exactly with the features of that personage. In order to mark the characters of Fagin, Billie, Artful Dodger, and all the other members of the gang as â€Å"the bad ones†, the narrator makes their language rude and informal. When the narrator constructs their dialogues he uses the street slang, so the characters appear uneducated and ignorant. There are passages where the story teller represents the innocence of Oliver by making the reader understand some situations that Oliver is not able to. â€Å" ‘Not so heavy as they might be,’ said the Jew, after looking at the insides carefully; ‘but very neat and nicely made. Ingenious workman, ain’t he, Oliver? ‘Very indeed, sir,’ said Oliver. At which Mr. Charles Bates laughed uproariously; very much to the amazement of Oliver, who saw nothing to laugh at, in anything that had passed.† (O.T. ; Pg.56; Ch.IX).15 3.4. Narrator’s point of view It is true that the hero of this book is a child and the story is constructed by the adventures that happen to him but, when Dickens wrote the book he also used it to show his points of view about the social live in England. At the beginning of the chapter II he describes the conditions that the parish children live. The reader can observe that his tone is very satirical but at the same time sad. He mocks with his satire the condition in which the Parish authorities lead the place. In the other hand he uses his language of sorrow when he describes how children suffer there. †The hungry and destitute situation of the infant orphan was duly reported by the workhouse authorities to the parish authorities. The parish authorities inquired with dignity of the workhouse authorities, whether there was no female then domiciled in ‘the house’ who was in a situation to impart to Oliver Twist, the consolation and nourishment of which he stood in need. The workhouse authorities replied with humility, that there was not.† (O.T. ; Pg.7; Ch.II).16 The narrator makes the reader notice the broken system of justice in Victorian England. Throughout the chapter XI are constructed scenes in which the author with his satirical humor r represents the dysfunction of court at that time in England. In â€Å"Oliver Twist† Dickens tries to fight the mentality of people who consider themselves above others 17.Dickens had suffered because of these kinds of people. And he speaks from his heart when he recounts the suffering of the little boy. In this novel, besides the interesting plot the reader can see the point of view and the concern of the narrator about many social problems that in reality were the point of view and the concern of Dickens himself. The critics don’t classify the novel amongst the most valuable works of Dickens but, it surely plays a great part in the success of the author as well known writer.18 4. David Copperfield 4.1. Quick analysis of the plot. â€Å"I am within three pages of the shore; and am strangely divided, as usual in such cases, between sorrow and joy. Oh, my dear Forster, if I were to say half of what Copperfield makes me feel to-night, how strangely, even to you, I should be turned inside out! I seem to be sending some part of myself into the Shadowy World.†19 I initiate the analysis of David Copperfield by these lines from the author himself, to demonstrate what his work meant to him. And this is not casual because Dickens, by Copperfield, has sent a part of his life to the readers. â€Å"David Copperfield† is regarded as an autobiographical book of Charles Dickens. His life and that of David have many similarities.20 His childhood of hardship, the work at wine house, later the work as reporter and in the end his life as a successful writer resemble very much the adventures of the main character in the novel. Despite these passages in â€Å"David Copperfield†, the author has also built some of the characters basing on people that really existed in his life. An example of this is Mr. Micawber who is a personification of Charles father (he also ended up in debtor’s prison), Dora who resembles Dickens’ first love etc. The domestic problems that Charles encountered during his lifetime are also disclosed in this novel. David Copperfield is considered one of Dickens’ most highly achieved works. He personally, in one of his Letter to John Forster states that: â€Å"David remains his favorite child†21 However â€Å"David Copperfield† is not just a pure autobiography. Alongside the facts that relate the life of the author with that of the main character, inside the book are discussed and treated many social problems of the Victorian England. This brief introduction of the plot serves only to have an idea about the novel because as I previously mentioned the theme of the thesis is the comparison of narration and the point of view of the narrator. 4.2. Narrative form To discuss about the narration I will start with the first lines of the novel. â€Å"Whether I shall turn out to be the hero of my own life, or whether that station will be held by anybody else, these pages must show†22 These are the first lines of â€Å"David Copperfield† and those are the ones that intrigue the reader to continue his adventure with the book. However, despite the intriguing role, these lines also serve to show the reader who is telling the story. The story teller is the protagonist, a data which will be elaborated throughout this paper work When David recounts the story of his birth at the beginning of the novel he tells it as he heard it from others who were there at that moment. â€Å"To begin my life with the beginning of my life, I record that I was born (as I have been informed and believe) on a Friday, at twelve o’clock at night.†23 It is impossible for anyone to remember the moment of his/her one birth so the narrator begins the recount of his life from what he was told. But he uses the dialogue of Mrs. Coppe rfield and Miss Betsy to tell the story. The narrator does this improvisation of the situation to introduce the reader with stories that happened before he was born. The first chapter is constructed this way. In the second chapter David starts being conscious about his surroundings. â€Å"The first objects that assume a distinct presence before me, as I look far back, into the blank of my infancy, are my mother with her pretty hair and youthful shape, and Peggotty with no shape at all, and eyes so dark that they seemed to darken their whole neighbourhood in her face, and cheeks and arms so hard and red that I wondered the birds didn’t peck her in preference to apples.† (D.C. ; Pg. 20 Ch. II).24 Here are shown the first glimpses of narrators understanding of the world. However, we can notice a childish perspective from the narrator. This happens because the narrator tried to show to the reader exactly how he felt and thought at that time as a child. He narrates the story from the child’s point of view in order that the reader can understand better the character of David. When Dickens wrote the novel he was about thirty eight years old.25 However his tone of narration is different in the course of the novel. The tone is different in the sense of maturity of the narrator. Further one I will discus about this side of narration. As I noted previously, in the beginning the tone is very childish and his thoughts are those of a little boy. When the narrator wrote the novel he appears to be middle age man, still, he narrates the story from the eyes of a child. At the end of chapter XIV the tone of the narrator calms down a bit. The narrator creates this atmosphere to indicate that David’s hardships as a child are over and now he feels safe. By this tone of narration Charles wants to transmit to the reader that the live of David will take a new turn, probably a better turn. He is saying farewell to the difficulties of little David’s life. However new challenges expect him in the further chapters. With the passing of chapters the narrator/ David grows up and matures. This means that his capacity of thinking and analyzing things matures together with him. So in further chapters we find David more attentive and more aware about his surroundings. At the beginning of the novel he was presented to us a sm art child also, always paying attention to things, but now he has a sharper look toward things: â€Å"How miserable I was, when I lay down! How I thought and thought about my being poor, in Mr. Spenlow’s eyes; about my not being what I thought I was, when I proposed to Dora; about the chivalrous necessity of telling Dora what my worldly condition was, and releasing her from her engagement if she thought fit; about how I should contrive to live, during the long term of my articles, when I was earning nothing; about doing something to assist my aunt, and seeing no way of doing anything; about coming down to have no money in my pocket, and to wear a shabby coat, and to be able to carry Dora no little presents, and to ride no gallant greys, and to show myself in no agreeable light!† (D.C. ;Pg 470-;Ch. XXXV).26 After the death of Dora we can notice a more serious tone of the narrator. (D.C.; Ch. LIII). It is like the narrator is trying to say that this loss has opened a new vision for David to see how life really is, difficult and unfair. This loss makes him reflect and though the pain didn’t kill him made  him stronger, and stronger we will find him in the next chapters. 4.3. The building of the characters The narrator does not give his opinions about the character because by the way he describes them he lets the reader to have his/her one imagine about those characters. By the dialogue that Miss Betsey and Mrs. Copperfield have, it is possible for the reader to understand many details about these two characters. The reader creates the image of Mrs. Copperfield by the words she says and the decisions she makes. The narrator only shows the way he feels about her but doesn’t impose his feelings to the reader. This also happens when the reader meets Peggottty. The narrator introduces the reader only with the physical description of the character. To understand the personage better we have to pay attention to her thoughts and attitudes. However, the narrator does not behave the same with all characters. When David first meets Uriah his description takes tones of repulsiveness and disgust. It was quite as cadaverous as it had looked in the window, though in the grain of it there was that tinge of red which is sometimes to be observed in the skins of red-haired people. It belonged to a red-haired person – a youth of fifteen, as I take it now, but looking much older – whose hair was cropped as close as the closest stubble; who had hardly any eyebrows, and no eyelashes, and eyes of a red-brown, so unsheltered and unshaded, that I remember wondering how he went to sleep. He was high-shouldered and bony; dressed in decent black, with a white wisp of a neckcloth; buttoned up to the throat; and had a long, lank, skeleton hand, which particularly attracted my attention, as he stood at the pony’s head, rubbing his chin with it, and looking up at us in the chaise.(Pg. 20; Ch.XV).27 In the other hand the to ne of the narrator when he meets Agnes is very pleasant and is noticed a sort of admiration for her. On her face, I saw immediately the placid and sweet expression of the lady whose picture had looked at me downstairs. It seemed to my imagination as if the portrait had grown womanly, and the original remained a child. Although her face was quite bright and happy, there was a tranquillity about it, and about her – a quiet, good, calm spirit – that I never have forgotten; that I shall never forget. This was his little housekeeper, his daughter Agnes, Mr. Wickfield  said. (D.C.; Pg.213; Ch. XV).28 The author does this in order to influence the reader’s image about the characters features and what inform previously the reader what to expect form that character. 4.4. The placing of the narrator In about 900 pages of â€Å"David Copperfield† are shown also stories of other personages besides that of David. In order to continue telling the story in the first person, Dickens uses various maneuvers to make this possible. In cases when describing a situation where the narrator wasn’t present he uses the confession of another character. ‘On the last night, in the evening, she kissed me, and said: â€Å"If my baby should die too, Peggotty, please let them lay him in my arms, and bury us together.† (It was done; for the poor lamb lived but a day beyond her.) â€Å"Let my dearest boy go with us to our resting-place,† she said, â€Å"and tell him that his mother, when she lay here, blessed him not once, but a thousand times.†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (D.C. ; Pg131 Ch. IX).29 He describes these situations by dialogue with him and that character. Another situation is when only a specific character tells the story and in some other passages David interferes in tha t narration by adding his impressions about that situation. In these situations the narrator also analyzes the event by his point of view. The reader can encounter some parts in the novel where the narrator is not involved in a situation but, for the sake of narration he â€Å"places† himself in that event as a spectator: â€Å"I said something to the effect that it was a lady whom I had seen before, in a few words, to my conductress; and had scarcely done so, when we heard her voice in the room, though not, from where we stood, what she was saying.† (D.C. ; Pg. 668; Ch. XLVII).30 In order to tell how Uriah Heep and Mr. Littimer ended up, Charles makes a smart move where he invents a visit to the prison where these two were paying for their crimes (Ch LX).  Another smart move of the narrator is as well the chapter when Mr. Peggotty visits David and recounts him how the emigrants are doing in the far land of Australia. The narrator â€Å"puts† the correspondence into Mr. Peggotty’s pocket  (D.C.; Ch. LXII). Due to this correspondence David is able to tell the story by his own words. In this way the narration though not about David, still remains in the first person. 4.5. Different approaches toward situations When analyzing his point of view about things that happened, there are different approaches from narrator’s part. From time to time, while rummaging into his past, the narrator reveals that he has the same feelings about a specific situation or person. â€Å"I fell at once into a solitary condition, – apart from all friendly notice, apart from the society of all other boys of my own age, apart from all companionship but my own spiritless thoughts, – which seems to cast its gloom upon this paper as I write. (D.C. ;Pg. 146; Ch. X).31 But, there are other parts in the book where the narrator now recounts the story with a different approach towards that situation from the moment when it occurred. It seems like the time has passed and the narrator’s attitude toward some things and ideas has changed, which is a natural thing to happen. â€Å"They did just what they liked with me; and wormed things out of me that I had no desire to tell, with a certainty I blush to think of, the more especially, as in my juvenile frankness, I took some credit to myself for being so confidential a nd felt that I was quite the patron of my two respectful entertainers.† (Pg. 243;Ch XVII).32 Being an autobiography the author has still some remembrances about how he felt when he witnessed some events. So, when he remembers the past he also describes the sensation that he experienced at that time. â€Å"There was a trembling upon her, that I can see now. The coldness of her hand when I touched it, I can feel yet.† (D.C. ; Pg. 413; Ch. XVV).33 It looks like he is living that moment and he is addressing it directly to the reader. At some passages the narrator laments some decisions that he took and now that he writes the story he has a different point of view about those decisions. I was a boyish husband as to years. † I had known the softening influence of no other sorrows or experiences than those recorded in these leaves. If I  did any wrong, as I may have done much, I did it in mistaken love, and in my want of wisdom. I write the exact truth. It would avail me nothing to extenuate it now.† ( D.C. ;Pg.602; Ch. XLIV).34 4.6. The revelation of the narrator The chapter â€Å"Tempest† is very important in the narrative sense. At the beginning the author states that the things that he is writing at this stage don’t have very much time that has occurred: â€Å"I now approach an event in my life, so indelible, so awful, so bound by an infinite variety of ties to all that has preceded it, in these pages, that, from the beginning of my narrative, I have seen it growing larger and larger as I advanced, like a great tower in a plain, and throwing its fore-cast shadow even on the incidents of my childish days.† (D.C. ;Pg. 731; Ch LV).35 Besides this fact, the narrator also confirms that this is the story of his life and he is approaching the end of his narration. Another detail in this chapter about the narration is that David places himself in the region where the tempest happened. This is a way of making possible the continuance of the narration in the first person: â€Å"We came to Ipswich – very late, having had to fight every inch of ground since we were ten miles out of London; and found a cluster of people in the market-place, who had risen from their beds in the night, fearful of falling chimneys.†36 Four chapters of the novel, called â€Å"Retrospect† are narrated in the present tense. It looks like he is living these moments at the time the he is writing. Those lines have something poetic in them. They flow like a river from narrator’s pen and the reader is the sea that receives them (D.C.chap. XVII, XLIII, LIII, LXIV). 5. Similarities between Oliver Twist and David Copperfield It is a failure to try to draw a parallel between the forms of narration of these two novels because, â€Å"Oliver Twist† and â€Å"David Copperfield† in the narrative form, are two contrary poles. â€Å"Oliver Twist† is recounted from the third person narrator whereas â€Å"David Copperfield† belongs to the first  person narrator. But, if we dig into the depths of the subjects, the reader can find many similarities, which represent the point of view of the narrator. Dickens lived in a time where the society in England had many disorders and inequalities. Some of them are discussed in both novels. In both novels the main characters are children. With the difficulties these characters are challenged, the narrator tries to present the difficult life that orphan children have to go through. By his satirical tone Dickens addresses his narration to the ear of authorities who were responsible for those children. But this was not only an appeal for the authorit ies who were responsible for those children but also for the society in general to be more attentive and show more compassion for those children. Dickens also represents the difficult conditions in which those children were obliged to work in order to survive. Dickens, with the portrait of these two characters, arouses the voice for the poor law about the children’s labor. He not only questions the poor law but, also puts a question mark whether the children should work at all. The atrocities that Oliver suffers in the undertakers shop and, the difficult job of David in the wine house illustrate Dickens concerns about that matter. Suffering in his flesh the life of hardships as a child, the author was really concerned about this. I can say that the author writes with personal references about this matter. The other subject that Dickens treats in both novels is (if I can name it like this) the immoral women. The moral of women was a delicate subject in the era of Victorian England but, Dickens finds a way to treat this matter with much careful in both novels. The author does not prejudice them, just the contrary he treats them as human beings and explains the reason why those women decided to take the path of immorality. In Oliver Twist the character of Nancy is indicated to be a prostitute. The narrator never states this but, indirectly, all the description of this girl can lead the reader to that conclusion. Even in these circumstances the author manages to have the Victorian’s reader attention without offending him or her. By the portrait of Nancy, the author explains the reason how some of these women have no choice but to take the life of sin. She was an orphan with no one to love or take care of her. To survive she had to do what she could. The character of Nancy is presen ted in both sides of the medal. She was  living a life of shame however, she shows her good heart when she tries to help Oliver escape. Anyway, although the narrator somehow justifies her decision and makes the reader pity her, he makes her pay for the live she led. And the best way to do this was by not letting her live anymore. In â€Å"David Copperfield† are two women who â€Å"torment† the society with their indecency. The first one is Emily who abandonees her fiancà © in order to climb the higher class of the society and become a lady. However, she shows her repentance from the beginning in her letter of goodbye. This way even though she committed an immorality she was not presented as a monstrous person. However in the end, the author convicts her with the isolated life in Australia and although she becomes a worthy member of society in the far land, she is destined to live alone. The second character is Martha. She is an orphan also and she falls into the life of sin. Just like Nancy in Oliver Twist the author never mentions the word to label her but, every reference to her leads that she is a prostitute. The author makes the reader feel sorry for her and maybe forgive her when she helps David find Emily. The author rewards her with a new life in Australia and a descent husband. Previously in the research I have mentioned the way in which the narrator describes the characters ( Pg. 6, 11). Since I have elaborated this above I will not deal in detail with it here. I will just show briefly that the form is the same in both novels. At some characters the narrator uses their dialogue to show their characteristics. In some cases the narrator uses his own thoughts to influence the reader’s image towards certain character. Dickens has used both methods in both novels so I can consider this as a similarity between these two objects of my research. Being written by the same author it is very probable that these two novels have much more in common besides the points which I have mentioned. However, they do not belong to the subject of my research. 6. Conclusion In this thesis I have tried to compare the base on which these two novels are constructed, the narration. These novels belong to two different narrations. â€Å"David Copperfield† is considered as a masterpiece whereas â€Å"Oliver Twist† is not so much distinguished. However, speaking in the plain of popularity they both are at the same level. Due to the images the narrator uses the reader feels sorry for the way Oliver was brought up. The famous expression that the hunger forces the poor boy to utter â€Å"Please sir, I want some more! â€Å", has the power to make a reader cry from compassion. Because of the fluid language with which the narrator pictures the beautiful landscapes, the reader runs from his reading place to those landscapes. The accurate description of characters and their smart construction of dialogues create in the reader’s mind a perfect image for each character. Narration is the essential column in the construction of a novel. It is the key to make the reader cry from sorrow, feel repulsive from the disgust or make him/her feel the fresh air of meadows and sense the odor of roses. Dickens had the talent to create all these effects in his novels but not only. Due to his kind and humble heart we are able to see the things from a poor little boy perspective and feel the irony with which he describes those people who look down on others. Because of Dickens’s sharp eye the reader is able to observe Uriah’s bad intentions. The city of London comes to our room because of his accurate description of it. Despite their different forms of narration Dickens in both of the novels has treated some similar subjects. In both novels are displayed the suffering of two boys in the conditions of Victorian England. The hard conditions in which children are allowed to work, the morality of women the function of courts are some of them. When I read these novels except the satisfactory function that the art of literature can give you, I was introduced to new horizons of thinking and analyzing things. During the research I have read many appreciations that critics have addressed to Dickens. And, after I read and analyzed some of his novels I could not do more but strongly agree with those critics. Bibliography 1. Dickens, Charles, Oliver Twist, Web-Books.com 2. Dickens, Charles, David Copperfield, Project Gutenberg (2006) 3. Forster, John, â€Å"The Life of Charles Dickens† Vol. I, Cambridge University Press (2011) 4. Forster, John, â€Å"The Life of Charles Dickens† Vol. II, Cambridge University Press (2011) 5. Chesterton, G., K. Appreciation and Criticism of the Works of Charles Dickens, Gutenberg Project